Martinique also has a small Syro-Lebanese community, a small but increasing Chinese community, and the Béké community, descendants of the first European settlers. Martiniquais may refer to: Something of, from, or related to Martinique, an island in the Caribbean Sea; A person from Martinique, or of Martiniquais descent; see Demographics of Martinique and Culture of Martinique; See also. The northern end of the island catches most of the rainfall and is heavily forested, featuring species such as bamboo, mahogany, rosewood and locust. When Columbus arrived, the Caribs had massacred many of their adversaries, sparing the women, who they kept for their personal or domestic use. Martinique sends four deputies to the French National Assembly and two senators to the French Senate. We're doing our best to make sure our content is useful, accurate and safe.If by any chance you spot an inappropriate image within your search results please use this form to let us know, and we'll take care of it shortly. About 90% of Martinicans are Christian, predominantly Roman Catholic as well as smaller numbers of various Protestant denominations. [citation needed] Those that survived were quite industrious and over time prospered, though the less fortunate were reduced to status of indentured servants. Thanks for your vote! [citation needed]. They are primarily most concentrated in the northern communes of Martinique, where the main plantations are located. [7] Meanwhile, the post-war period saw a growing campaign for full independence; a notable proponent of this was the author Aimé Césaire, who founded the Progressive Party of Martinique in the 1950s. Studying in the métropole (mainland France, especially Paris) is common for young adults. "Aimé Césaire", in Donald E. Herdeck (ed. Kreyol Matnik is the creole language spoken on the Martinique island on the Caribbean. [citation needed] In 2009, according to the Pew Research Center, there were 1,000 Muslims in Martinique, representing around 0.2 percent of the total population. The Atlantic, or "windward" coast of Martinique is difficult for navigation by ships. Martinique (/ ˌ m ɑːr t ɪ ˈ n iː k / MAR-tin-EEK, French: (); Martinican Creole: Matinik or Matnik) is an island which is an overseas territorial collectivity of France, located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of 1,128 square kilometres (436 sq mi) and a population of 376,480 inhabitants as of January 2016. Slave rebellions in 1789, 1815 and 1822, plus the campaigns of abolitionists such as Cyrille Bissette and Victor Schoelcher, persuaded the French government to end slavery in the French West Indies in 1848. [citation needed] The policy decimated the population of Martinique and the rest of the French Antilles and set back their colonisation by decades, causing the French king to relax his policies in the region, which however left the islands susceptible to British occupation over the next century. [citation needed], Jews arrived in Martinique following the arrival of the first European colonists. [citation needed]. The bulk of meat, vegetable and grain requirements must be imported. Martinique has a hybrid cuisine, mixing elements of African, French, Carib Amerindian and Indian subcontinental traditions. In addition, most residents can also speak Martiniquan Creole, a form of Antillean Creole closely related to the varieties spoken in neighboring English-speaking islands of Saint Lucia and Dominica. [citation needed], Islam made its appearance in Martinique in the 1970s. Martinique has a large popular music industry, which gained in international renown after the success of zouk music in the later 20th century. Pierre). Mont Pelée's volcanic ash has created grey and black sand beaches in the north (in particular between Anse Ceron and Anse des Gallets), contrasting markedly from the white sands of Les Salines in the south. Pierre. [5], The majority of Indo-Martiniquais follow Christianity with the minority following Islam and Hinduism. The language is derived from French, but has also many words borrowed from African languages.. Conjugate a Martiniquais Verb [15], The country code top-level domain for Martinique is .mq, but .fr is often used instead. The highest point is the volcano of Mount Pelée at 1,397 metres (4,583 ft) above sea level. Martinique was attacked or occupied several times by the British, including in 1693, 1759, 1762 and 1779. Today, Martinique has a higher standard of living than most other Caribbean countries. Martinique Civil ensign is the cross of St Michael (White cross with 4 blue quarters with one snake in each), which is the official civil ensign of Martinique (it also used to be the one of saint lucia. Get instant definitions for any word that hits you anywhere on the web! By 1688, nearly all of Martinique's French Protestant population had escaped to the British American colonies or Protestant countries in Europe. [22] In 1962, as a result of this and the global turn against colonialism, the strongly pro-independence OJAM (Organisation de la jeunesse anticolonialiste de le Martinique) was formed. [6], It is thought that Martinique is a corruption of the native name for the island (Madiana/Madinina, meaning 'island of flowers'), as relayed to Christopher Columbus when he visited the island in 1502. [15][20] There are also several local ferry companies that connect Fort-de-France with Pointe du Bout. [citation needed], As many of the planters on Martinique were themselves Huguenot, and who were sharing in the suffering under the harsh strictures of the Revocation, they began plotting to emigrate from Martinique with many of their recently arrived brethren. Many were killed; those who survived were taken captive and expelled from the island. Martinique has been a vacation hotspot for many years, attracting both upper-class French and more budget-conscious travelers. The 45 cantons were abolished in 2015. One of its most famous dishes is the Colombo (compare kuzhambu (Tamil: குழம்பு) for gravy or broth), a unique curry of chicken (curry chicken), meat or fish with vegetables, spiced with a distinctive masala of Tamil origins, sparked with tamarind, and often containing wine, coconut milk, cassava and rum. [15], During WWII, the pro-Nazi Vichy government controlled Martinique under Admiral Georges Robert. There are numerous small islands, particularly off the east coast. Buses run frequently between the capital and St. [22] However the independence movement lost steam as Martinique's economy faltered in the 1970s, resulting in large scale emigration. It includes four communes and sixteen cantons. Information and translations of Martiniquais in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. [citation needed]. A strong tradition of Martiniquan desserts and cakes incorporate pineapple, rum, and a wide range of local ingredients. This contributes to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual transfers of aid from mainland France. [34], Tourism has become more important than agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange. The dish is a unique curry of chicken, meat or fish with vegetables, spiced with a distinctive masala of Tamil origin, acidulated with tamarind and often containing wine, coconut milk, and rum. This ensures that most potential hazards are too deep underwater to be an issue, and it also prevents the growth of corals that could otherwise pose a threat to passing ships. [39] Nowadays, attitudes have changed and the use of Creole is predominant among friends and close family. The island has regular ferry service to Guadeloupe, Dominica and St. Martiniquan Creole is based on French, Carib and African languages with elements of English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Aimé Césaire is perhaps Martinique's most famous writer; he was one of the main figures in the négritude literary movement. Definitions.net. [7] There are much smaller communities of other faiths such as Islam, Hinduism and Baháʼísm. Workers were offered free passage and pay in exchange for serving a five-year period of labour. [3] Despite initial experiences of racial discrimination and labour exploitation, many of the immigrants were subsequently well-integrated into the population,[4] and by the late 20th century the labourers' descendants were broadly assimilated into Martiniquais culture. [7], In 1636, in the first of many skirmishes, the indigenous Caribs rose against the settlers to drive them off the island. [13] In later years pirate Bartholomew Roberts styled his jolly roger as a black flag depicting a pirate standing on two skulls labeled "ABH" and "AMH" for "A Barbadian's Head" and "A Martinican's Head", after governors of those two islands sent warships to capture Roberts.[14]. Anole lizards and fer-de-lance snakes are native to the island. Martinique (/ˌmɑːrtɪˈniːk/ MAR-tin-EEK, French: [maʁtinik] (listen); Martinican Creole: Matinik or Matnik)[4] is an island which is an overseas territorial collectivity of France,[5] located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of 1,128 square kilometres (436 sq mi) and a population of 376,480 inhabitants as of January 2016. [17][18][7][15] As a result, some plantation owners imported workers from India and China. Zouk's popularity was particularly intense in France, where the genre became an important symbol of identity for Martinique and Guadeloupe. [40] Other notable writers from Martinique include René Ménil, Étienne Léro, Thélus Léro, Édouard Glissant, Patrick Chamoiseau and Jules-Marcel Monnerot. [citation needed] In addition to the island population, the island hosts a mainland French community, most of which live on the island on a temporary basis (generally from 3 to 5 years). [7] Due to the eruption refugees from Martinique arrived in boats to the southern villages of Dominica with some remaining permanently on the island. [41] Zouk's origins are in the folk music of Martinique and Guadeloupe, especially Martinican chouval bwa, and Guadeloupan gwo ka. The city of Saint-Pierre (destroyed by a volcanic eruption of Mount Pelée), was often referred to as the "Paris of the Lesser Antilles". [7] Despite the abolition of slavery life scarcely improved for most Martinicans; class and racial tensions exploded into rioting in southern Martinique in 1870 following the arrest of Léopold Lubin, a African ancesteral trader who retaliated after he was beaten by a Frenchman. [7], Because there were few Catholic priests in the French Antilles, many of the earliest French settlers were Huguenots who sought greater religious freedom than what they could experience in mainland France. The Hinduism in Martinique constitutes of a variation of popular Tamil Hinduism, which was characterized by the practice of animal sacrifice, the veneration of village deities and the use of the Tamil language as the ceremonial language, although the language has lost its usage in the plantation and post-plantation society. 23 Oct. 2020. The north of the island is especially mountainous. [citation needed] Free French forces took over on the island on Bastille Day, 14 July 1943. [7][15] Martinique has remained a French possession since then. [7] Meanwhile, Dutch Jews, expelled from Portuguese Brazil, introduced sugar plantations worked by enslaved Africans to the island in 1654. Virtually the entire population speaks both French, the only official language and Martinican Creole, an Antillean Creole. Bat species include the Jamaican fruit bat, the Antillean fruit-eating bat, the Little yellow-shouldered bat, Davy's naked-backed bat, the Greater bulldog bat, Schwartz's myotis, and the Mexican free-tailed bat. Additionally the government charges an "annual due" of 1–2.5% and a value added tax of 2.2–8.5%. There was a time when the use of Creole was forbidden in schools and even within families, with French was the only language accepted. [29] Martinique has eight different centres of volcanic activity. In addition to waters off of the leeward coast being shielded from the harsh Atlantic trade winds by the island, the sea bed itself descends steeply from the shore. [citation needed] In 1942, 182 ships were sunk in the Caribbean, dropping to 45 in 1943, and five in 1944. For the New York City nightclub of the 1940s, see, Overseas Department of the French Republic), European arrival and early colonial period, Ben A. Heller "Césaire, Aimé", in Daniel Balderston et al. [12], Under Governor of the Antilles Charles de Courbon, comte de Blénac, Martinique served as a home port for French pirates including Captain Crapeau, Etienne de Montauban, and Mathurin Desmarestz. Although edicts from King Louis XIV's court regularly came to the islands to suppress the Protestant "heretics", these were mostly ignored by island authorities until Louis XIV's Edict of Revocation in 1685. [2] There are an estimated 260,000 people of Martinican origin living in mainland France, most of them in the Paris region. [7] According to historian Sydney Daney, the island was called "Jouanacaëra" by the Caribs, which means "the island of iguanas". Definition of Martiniquais in the Definitions.net dictionary. On January 24, 2010, during a referendum, the inhabitants of Martinique approved by 68.4% the change to be a “Special (Unique) Collectivity" within the framework of article 73 of the French Republic's Constitution. [7], All goods entering Martinique are charged a variable "sea toll" which may reach 30% of the value of the cargo and provides 40% of the island's total revenue. Language; Watch; Edit; Look up Martiniquais in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. In 1851 the Martinique authorities, seeking to replace former slave labourers who had abandoned plantation work on being given their liberty, recruited several thousand labourers from the Indian French colonial settlements of Madras, Pondichéry, Chandernagor and Karaikal. However a coat of arms adaptation of the civil ensign (also called snake flag) is used in an unofficial but formal context such as by the Gendarmerie. [7] Excepting a period from 1802 to 1809 following signing of the Treaty of Amiens, Britain controlled the island for most of the time from 1794 to 1815, when it was traded back to France at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars. https://www.definitions.net/definition/Martiniquais. It stretches 70 km (43 mi) in length and 30 km (19 mi) in width. [7] Most visitors come from mainland France, Canada and the USA. In the 1980s Martinican authors such as Patrick Chamoiseau, Jean Bernabé and Raphaël Confiant attempted to challenge this via the promotion of Creole in a cultural movement known as Créolité. The Caravelle peninsula clearly separates the north Atlantic and south Atlantic coast. [11] Others were transported there as a punishment for refusing to convert to Catholicism, many of them dying en route. The four arrondissements of the island, with their respective locations, are as follows: As a part of the French Republic, the French tricolour is in use and La Marseillaise is sung at national french events. Fort-de-France is the major harbour. What does Martiniquais mean? Though it is normally not used in professional situations, members of the media and politicians have begun to use it more frequently as a way to redeem national identity and prevent cultural assimilation by mainland France. Martinique is also an Outermost Region (OMR) of European Union as a special territory of the European Union and the currency in use is the euro. [7], Historically, Martinique's economy relied on agriculture, notably sugar and bananas, but by the beginning of the 21st century this sector had dwindled considerably. [7], : World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Martinique : Overview, : Countries and their Cultures: MARTINIQUE, "Top 10 Martinican Dishes You Just Have to Try", Non-resident Indians and people of Indian origin, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Martiniquais&oldid=981481225, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 2 October 2020, at 15:43. In Anwendung von Artikel 1 des Dekrets vom 16. [7] Christopher Columbus landed on 15 June 1502, after a 21-day trade wind passage, his fastest ocean voyage. We're doing our best to make sure our content is useful, accurate and safe.If by any chance you spot an inappropriate comment while navigating through our website please use this form to let us know, and we'll take care of it shortly. Martinique (/ ˌ m ɑːr t ɪ ˈ n iː k / MAR-tin-EEK, French: (); Martinican Creole: Matinik or Matnik) is an island which is an overseas territorial collectivity of France, located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of 1,128 square kilometres (436 sq mi) and a population of 376,480 inhabitants as of January 2016. [20] See List of airports in Martinique. Emigration was highest in the 1970s, causing population growth to almost stop, but it is comparatively light today. It is also an outermost region of the European Union. [citation needed] Indeed, unlike other varieties of French creole such as Mauritian Creole, Martinican Creole is not readily understood by speakers of Standard French due to significant differences in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation, though over the years it has progressively adopted features of Standard French. The new council replaces and exercises the powers of both the General Council and the regional council. [7], The population of Martinique is mainly of African descent generally mixed with European, Amerindian (Carib), Indo-Martiniquais (descendants of 19th-century Tamil immigrants from South India), Lebanese, Syrian or Chinese. [7], Martinique was charted by Columbus in 1493, but Spain had little interest in the territory. ), special territories of the European Union, Arrondissements of the Martinique department, Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport, List of colonial and departmental heads of Martinique, "Recensement de la population en Martinique – 385 551 habitants au 1er janvier 2013", BWETAMO KREYOL MATNIK - Potomitan - Site de promotion des cultures et des langues créoles - Annou voyé kreyòl douvan douvan, "De la mer des Antilles à l'océan Indien (From the Caribbean Sea to the Indian Ocean)", "MARTINIQUE 1870 : LA GRANDE INSURRECTION DU SUD", "Emeutes de 1959 : la Martinique règle ses comptes avec le colonialisme", "Le drame de février 1974 marque encore les esprits", "Blacks slam white minority in Martinique strike", "Race, class fuel social conflict on French Caribbean islands", "Sarkozy offers autonomy vote for Martinique", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martinique&oldid=983652103, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [7][21], In 1946 the French National Assembly voted unanimously to transform the colony into an Overseas Department of France. [10] In 1674 the Dutch attempted to conquer the island but were repulsed. The past two decades have seen Indo-Martiniquais people increasingly asserting the distinctively Indian aspects of their heritage (a phenomenon known as "indianité"). The south is more easily traversed, though it still features some impressive geographic features. Also called ‘red, green and black’, this flag is used by the independence movement. Lucia. Civil ensign of Martinique, a St Michael cross with white snakes. [7] Whites in total represent 5% of the population of Martinique. STANDS4 LLC, 2020. Frantz Fanon, a prominent critic of colonialism and racism, was also from Martinique; his best known works are Black Skin, White Masks and The Wretched of the Earth. We truly appreciate your support. How to say Martiniquais in sign language? The island has several historic places of worship, such as the Saint-Louis Cathedral of Fort de France, the Sacred Heart Church of Balata, and the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption of Saint Peter in Martinique. [7], In 1667 the Second Anglo-Dutch War spilled out into the Caribbean, with Britain attacking the pro-Dutch French fleet in Martinique, virtually destroying it and further cementing British pre-eminence in the region. Because it is easier to travel to, and due to the many beaches and food facilities throughout this region, the south receives the bulk of the tourist traffic. In Martinique the only survivor in the town of Saint-Pierre, Auguste Cyparis, was saved by the thick walls of his prison cell. It serves flights to and from Europe, the Caribbean, Venezuela, the United States, and Canada. [22] Tensions rose again in 1974, when gendarmes shot dead two striking banana workers. (596 is dialled twice when calling a Martinique landline from another country. People of Indian descent have paid renewed attention to the history and culture of India, and local groups have established contact with peoples of Indian descent from throughout the Caribbean and further afield. Its leaders were later arrested by the French authorities, however they were later acquitted. It is directly north of St. Lucia, northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica. [8], The island was occupied first by Arawaks, then by Caribs. One of the Windward Islands, it is directly north of Saint Lucia, northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica. Together with French Guiana, Martinique is one of the Special Collectivity [27] (Unique in french) of the French Republic. Martinique is divided into four arrondissements and 34 communes. [7] Large numbers of slaves were imported from Africa to work these plantations. [30] Pelée erupted in 1792, 1851, and twice in 1902. [2] The Indo-Martiniquais speak Antillean a French-based creole. In 2014, Martinique had a total GDP of 8.4 billion euros. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now used for the production of rum. They are primarily most concentrated in the northern communes of Martinique, where the main plantations are located. "Gauguin and Martinique," Karen Kristine Reichnitzer Pope, 1981. Indo-Martiniquais are an ethnic group of Martinique, compromising approximately 10% of the population of the island.The Indo-Martiniquais are descendants of indentured laborers of the nineteenth century from India of primarily Tamil and of other Indian origin. Following traditional French custom, many businesses close at midday to allow a lengthy lunch, then reopen later in the afternoon. After several deaths the revolt was crushed by French militia. In 2013 the population was 161,021. [6], One of Martinique's most famous dishes, the Colombo, derives from Indian cuisine. When representing Martinique outside of the island for sport and cultural events the civil flag is 'Ipséité’ and the anthem is ‘Lorizon’ [28]. Web. The oldest rocks are andesitic lavas dated to about 24 million years ago, mixed with tholeiitic magma containing iron and magnesium. [citation needed] Considered as being less prestigious, many Martinicans grew up not speaking Creole. The Arawaks came from Central America in the 1st century AD and the Caribs came from the Venezuela coast around the 11th century. [9], On 15 September 1635, Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc, French governor of the island of St. Kitts, landed in the harbour of St. Pierre with 80-150 French settlers after being driven off St. Kitts by the English. The island is volcanic in origin, lying along the subduction fault where the South American Plate slides beneath the Caribbean Plate. [15], The road network is extensive and well-maintained, with freeways in the area around Fort-de-France. D'Esnambuc claimed Martinique for the French King Louis XIII and the French "Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique" (Company of the American Islands), and established the first European settlement at Fort Saint-Pierre (now St. The word Colombo derives from the Tamil word குழம்பு- kulambu meaning curry sauce. Martinique's main and only airport with commercial flights is Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport. Mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus), introduced in the 1800s to control the snake population, have become a particularly cumbersome introduced species[33] as they prey upon bird eggs and have exterminated or endangered a number of native birds, including the Martinique trembler, white-breasted trembler and white-breasted thrasher.[15]. [7] German U-boats used Martinique for refuelling and re-supply during the Battle of the Caribbean. The Indo-Martiniquais are descendants of indentured laborers of the nineteenth century from India of primarily Tamil and of other Indian origin. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. The total area of Martinique is 1,128 square kilometres (436 sq mi), of which 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi) is water and the rest land.
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