[203] Since 1978, the national anthem of Spain, the Marcha Real, does not include lyrics introduced by Franco. [204] Finally, it proposed the construction of monuments to commemorate Franco's victims in Madrid and other important cities. He noted that while Hitler and Stalin maintained rubber-stamp parliaments, this was not the case in Spain in the early years after the war – a situation that nominally made Franco's regime "the most purely arbitrary in the world".[155]. [citation needed] Volunteer Spanish troops (the División Azul, or "Blue Division") fought on the Eastern Front under German command from 1941 to 1944. B. : [173][174] The site was designated by the interim government, assured by Prince Juan Carlos and Prime Minister Carlos Arias Navarro, as the burial place for Franco. In early August, the situation in western Andalusia was stable enough to allow Franco to organise a column (some 15,000 men at its height), under the command of then Lieutenant-Colonel Juan Yagüe, which would march through Extremadura towards Madrid. FRANÇOIS CIVIL, JOSÉPHINE JAPY, BENJAMIN LAVERNHE ET HUGO GÉLIN - Duration: 4:26. The municipal elections of 12 April 1931 were largely seen as plebiscite on the monarchy. This period in Spanish history, from the Nationalist victory to Franco's death, is commonly known as Francoist Spain or the Francoist dictatorship. The year after, Mohammed V invaded Spanish Sahara during the Ifni War (known as the "Forgotten War" in Spain). [10][11] Combined with wartime killings, this brings the death toll of the White Terror to between 100,000 and 200,000. [132] On 19 June 1940, Franco pressed along a message to Hitler saying he wanted to enter the war, but Hitler was annoyed at Franco's demand for the French colony of Cameroon, which had been German before World War I, and which Hitler was planning on taking back for Plan Z. A week later the rebels, who soon called themselves the Nationalists, controlled a third of Spain; most naval units remained under control of the Republican loyalist forces, which left Franco isolated. Aquarius is ruled by Uranus, the planet that governs innovation, technology, and surprising events. Since they married, François has had access to her family’s holdings in Vosne-Romanée and Vougeot, and continues production of his own family vineyards in Pommard. the greater foreign aid during the war, as well as more efficient use of foreign aid and effective augmentation of Nationalist forces with captured arms and soldiers from the Republicans. The army was further reduced. [71] An obelisk commemorating this historic meeting was erected at the site in a clearing at Las Raíces.[72]. François Parent is married to Anne-Françoise Parent-Gros. 1 Serie, Borat 2: Borat Anschluss Moviefilm Trailer DF. [193] In 2006, a poll indicated that almost two-thirds of Spaniards favored a "fresh investigation into the war". [139] Franco supplied Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, architect of the Nazis' Final Solution, with a list of 6,000 Jews in Spain.[139]. In March 2006, the Permanent Commission of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe unanimously adopted a resolution "firmly" condemning the "multiple and serious violations" of human rights committed in Spain under the Francoist regime from 1939 to 1975. Franco decided to name a monarch to succeed his regency, but the simmering tensions between the Carlists and the Alfonsoists continued. On 21 September, with the head of the column at the town of Maqueda (some 80 km away from Madrid), Franco ordered a detour to free the besieged garrison at the Alcázar of Toledo, which was achieved on 27 September. Spanish efforts to occupy their new African protectorate provoked the Second Melillan campaign in 1909 with native Moroccans, the first of a period of Riffian rebellions. On 5 August Franco was able to break the blockade with the newly arrived air support, successfully deploying a ship convoy with some 2,000 soldiers. Attempts to give the national anthem new lyrics have failed due to lack of consensus. [citation needed] The enforcement by public authorities of traditional Catholic values was a stated intent of the regime, mainly by using a law (the Ley de Vagos y Maleantes, Vagrancy Act) enacted by Azaña. Among other things, they point to the political heterogeneity on both sides (See Spanish Civil War: other factions) and criticise a monolithic interpretation, which overlooks the local nuances of Spanish history. This controversial decision gave the Popular Front time to strengthen its defenses in Madrid and hold the city that year, but with Soviet support. [48] A Catalan state was proclaimed by Catalan nationalist leader Lluis Companys, but it lasted just ten hours. [82][83] From August onward, aid from the Soviet Union began; over one ship per day arrived at Spain's Mediterranean ports carrying munitions, rifles, machine guns, hand grenades, artillery, trucks. This interpretation has not been accepted by most historians,[who?] Estimates of the family's wealth have ranged from 350 million to 600 million euros. Many of the old guard in charge of the economy were replaced by "technocrata", despite some initial opposition from Franco. Entdecke alle Videos und Bilder mit François Civil. In 2010 documents were discovered showing that on 13 May 1941, Franco ordered his provincial governors to compile a list of Jews while he negotiated an alliance with the Axis powers. [195] However, most historians agree that although Franco and Spain under his rule adopted some trappings of fascism they are generally not considered to be fascist,[157][158][159][160][196] at most describing the early totalitarian phase of his rule as a "fascistized dictatorship",[197] or "semi-fascist regime". Due to the spread of democracy, excluding the Eastern Bloc, in Europe since World War II, Juan Carlos could or would not have been a dictator in the way Franco had been.[171]. Puis Laurence Ferreira Barbosa lui confie le premier rôle de son film indépendant, Soit je meurs, soit je vais mieux. Most country towns and rural areas were patrolled by pairs of Guardia Civil, a military police force for civilians, which functioned as Franco's chief means of social control. In 1968, under pressure from the United Nations,[169] Spain granted Equatorial Guinea its independence, and the following year it ceded Ifni to Morocco. [97], Mola had been somewhat discredited as the main planner of the attempted coup that had now degenerated into a civil war, and was strongly identified with the Carlist monarchists and not at all with the Falange, a party with Fascist leanings and connections ("phalanx", a far-right Spanish political party founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera), nor did he have good relations with Germany. The conspiracy suggested that Jews, Freemasons, Communists, and other leftists alike sought the destruction of Christian Europe, with Spain the principal target.[44]. Internationalen Filmfestspiele von Cannes, The Wolf’s Call – Entscheidung in der Tiefe, https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=François_Civil&oldid=204098229, „Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike“, 2006: Louis la brocante (Fernsehserie, eine Episode), 2007: Autopsy – Bis dass der Tod uns scheidet, 2009: Enquêtes réservées (Fernsehserie, eine Episode), 2013: Tiger Lily, quatre femmes dans la vie (Miniserie, sechs Episoden), 2013: Alias Caracalla, au cœur de la Résistance (Miniserie, zwei Episoden), 2013: Casting(s) (Fernsehserie, eine Episode), 2014: Rosemary’s Baby (Miniserie, zwei Episoden). Franco avoided involvement in José Sanjurjo's attempted coup that year, and even wrote a hostile letter to Sanjurjo expressing his anger over the attempt. Franco left the throne vacant until 1969, proclaiming himself as a de facto regent for life. [117][d] According to Helen Graham, the Spanish working classes became to the Francoist project what the Jews were to the German Volksgemeinschaft. 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With the rebellion of 1934, the Spanish left lost even the shadow of moral authority to condemn the rebellion of 1936.” [58]. He allowed Spanish soldiers to volunteer to fight in the German Army against the Soviet Union (the Blue Division), but forbade Spaniards to fight in the West against the democracies. He was badly wounded in the abdomen, specifically the liver, in a skirmish at El Biutz. [146] This was undertaken through Francoist Spain's Ambassador to Egypt, Angel Sagaz, on the understanding that they would not immediately emigrate to Israel and that the emigrant Jews would not publicly use the case as political propaganda against Nasser's Egypt. In 1920, Lieutenant Colonel José Millán Astray, a histrionic but charismatic officer, founded the Spanish Foreign Legion, on similar lines as the French Foreign Legion. Franco personally and many in the government openly stated that they believed there was an international conspiracy of Freemasons, and Communists against Spain, sometimes including Jews or "Judeo-Masonry" as part of this. [45], The elections held in October 1933 resulted in a centre-right majority. He was devastated by the closing of his Academy, but nevertheless continued his service in the Republican Army. [131] Franco had cautiously decided to enter the war on the Axis side in June 1940, and to prepare his people for war, an anti-British and anti-French campaign was launched in the Spanish media that demanded French Morocco, Cameroon and Gibraltar. This situation ended in part when, in the light of Cold War tensions and of Spain's strategic location, the United States of America entered into a trade and military alliance with Franco. Spain continued to import[clarification needed] war materials and trade wolfram with Germany until August 1944 when the Germans withdrew from the Spanish frontier. Franco's previous aloofness from politics meant that he had few active enemies in any of the factions that needed to be placated, and he had also cooperated in recent months with both Germany and Italy. Looking for something to watch? Francisco Franco Bahamonde was born on 4 December 1892 in the Calle Frutos Saavedra in the province of El Ferrol, Galicia. The insurgency in Asturias sparked a new era of violent anti-Christian persecutions, initiated the practice of atrocities against the clergy,[52] and sharpened the antagonism between Left and Right. [68] Meanwhile, a conspiracy led by General Mola was taking shape. [66] The diffusion of the myth about an alleged Communist coup d'état as well a pretended state of "social chaos" became pretexts for a coup. From the mid-1950s there was modest acceleration in economic activity after some minor reforms and a relaxation of controls. [65], José Calvo Sotelo, who acquired anti-communism as the axis of his parliamentary speeches, became the speaker of violent propaganda—advocating for a military coup d'état; formulating a catastrophist discourse of a dichotomous choice between "communism" or a markedly totalitarian "National" State, setting the mood of the masses for a military rebellion. Queipo de Llano and Cabanellas had both previously rebelled against the dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera and were therefore discredited in some nationalist circles, and Falangist leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera was in prison in Alicante (he would be executed a few months later). Nutzungsbedingungen | This made him the youngest major in the Spanish army. Historian Ricardo de la Cierva claimed that he had been told around 6 pm on 19 November that Franco had already died. This changed in 1942, when Franco convened a parliament known as the Cortes Españolas. Franco was removed as Director of the Zaragoza Military Academy in 1931; about 95% of his former Zaragoza cadets later came to side with him in the Civil War. A privately owned DH 89 De Havilland Dragon Rapide, flown by two British pilots, Cecil Bebb and Hugh Pollard,[73] was chartered in England on 11 July to take Franco to Africa. Contrarily, according to Anti-Semitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution (2005): Spain provided visas for thousands of French Jews to transit Spain en route to Portugal to escape the Nazis. The United Kingdom and France strictly adhered to the arms embargo,[citation needed] provoking dissensions within the French Popular Front coalition which was led by Léon Blum, but the Republican side was nonetheless supported by the Soviet Union and volunteers who fought in the International Brigades (see for example Ken Loach's Land and Freedom). [24] He was also the second sibling to die, killed in an air accident on a military mission in 1938. The first decade of Franco's rule following the end of the Civil War in 1939 saw continued repression and the killing of an undetermined number of political opponents. He studied theater at the studio "Le Magasin". [185], According to a poll by the Spanish newspaper, El Mundo, 43% of Spanish people approved of the exhumation while 32.5% opposed it. Archduke Otto declined, stating that he would be seen as a German ruling Spain and could never forget his Austrian identity. Student revolts at universities in the late 1960s and early 1970s were violently repressed by the heavily armed Policía Armada (Armed Police). In 1932 the Jesuits who were in charge of the best schools throughout the country were banned and had all their property confiscated. [179] The demand was rejected by the Spanish Government, which issued another 15-day deadline to choose another site. [152][153] Already proclaimed Generalísimo of the Nationalists and Jefe del Estado (Head of State) in October 1936,[99] he thereafter assumed the official title of "Su Excelencia el Jefe de Estado" ("His Excellency the Head of State"). "[120] Julius Ruiz concludes that "although the figures remain disputed, a minimum of 37,843 executions were carried out in the Republican zone with a maximum of 150,000 executions (including 50,000 after the war) in Nationalist Spain."[121]. Some time after these events, Franco was briefly commander-in-chief of the Army of Africa (from 15 February onwards), and from 19 May 1935, on, Chief of the General Staff. This historic alliance commenced with the visit of US President Dwight Eisenhower to Spain in 1953, which resulted in the Pact of Madrid. Concurrent with the absence of social reforms, and the economic power shift, a tide of mass emigration commenced to other European countries, and to a lesser extent, to South America. Estimation is difficult and controversial, but the total number of people who were killed during this period probably lies somewhere between 15,000 and 50,000. He received the Trophée Chopard at the 72nd Cannes Film Festival. On 16 February 1936 the elections ended in a virtual draw, but in the evening leftist mobs started to interfere in the balloting and in the registration of votes distorting the results. [43] In June 1933 Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical Dilectissima Nobis, "On Oppression of the Church of Spain", raising his voice against the persecution of the Catholic Church in Spain. [108] In 1937, Franco assumed as the tentative doctrine of his regime 26 out of the original 27 points. The Civil War ravaged the Spanish economy. Despite receiving the most votes, CEDA was denied cabinet positions for nearly a year. und Journal of Contemporary History 45, no. Franco became the Legion's second-in-command and returned to Africa. [5], "Berlin: Juliette Binoche Talks Sex Scene With Former Onscreen Son", "The Wolf's Call review – lots of sweaty sub-on-sub action", "Florence Pugh, Francois Civil Honored With Chopard Award for Rising Talent", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=François_Civil&oldid=961124390, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 6 June 2020, at 18:48. In the winter of 1940–41 Franco toyed with the idea of a "Latin Bloc" formed by Spain, Portugal, Vichy France, the Vatican and Italy, without much consequence.
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